Studying Political History What does it entail

Studying Political History What does it entail Politics and History: How Can You Study It? ChaptersThe Politics of an OligarchyAutocracy as a Historical Political SystemTheocracy as a Form of Government?Democracy: the Best Worst SolutionStudying Political HistoryHistory as a social science explores many aspects of life throughout the ages: economics history, intellectual innovation, and politics. In this, it is similar to sociology, except that the humanities branch including political history doesn’t study modern societies, it studies the different types of political thought throughout the centuries, the political manoeuvering of historical figures as well as various types of political upheaval (revolutions, coups, putsches etc…)Historical research in political history also studies political interaction, meaning that it crosses over to military history and diplomatic history - the various types of political ties formed between nations and their impact on inner politics and international relations.One thing you should consider is that, both from the point of view of cu ltural history and anthropology, politics and bureaucracy do not necessarily go hand in hand. Many so-called “primitive” societies without their own system of writing or political institutions such as a parliament still exhibit political behaviour and have their own system of governance and political philosophy, often steeped in their moral and cultural values and traditions.In this article, we’ll give an overview of some of the more common political systems and the different historical iterations they come in.new ideologies were sought and toward the end of the eighteenth century, the participation of the people became the ideal political philosophy. This lead to various forms of Constitutional monarchies (older in England and successful, less so in France just prior to the Revolution), many of them in the nineteenth century, then to actual democracies.  The process was finished in the twentieth century, with no absolute monarchy left in Europe.Louis XIV of France is often co nsidered the poster boy of absolute monarchy. Photo credit: Hyacinthe Rigaud on WikimediaHowever, even with the advent of globalization, there are still some absolute monarchies in the world today - Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Oman and Brunei in the Arabic Peninsula, and Swaziland in Africa.ElectoratesElectorates are a form of absolute monarchy in which the monarch does not descend from a single ruling family but instead is elected from one of many aristocratic or royal families by an electoral college. This was the case in the Holy Roman Empire where the Prince-Electors chose the next Emperor from among their midst by means of an election. So theoretically a new emperor was not necessarily the son of the old - though, from 1440 onward, they were all from the House of Habsburg, and the elective role of the college was merely to ratify the usual course of succession.DespotismA despot usually designates an autocrat who is - either truly or symbolically - elected by the peo ple. Some despots are elected democratically to the presidency of their country and then seize power and disenfranchise any regulatory instances, others have rigged or single-party elections that ensure that they stay in power while symbolically giving the people a sense of political participation.However, many a despotic regime also came to power through a political or military coup.They are not monarchies mostly because they are not (officially) hereditary, although many a despot has had his son “elected” to office after him.Many despots use ideological means to stay in power, with political propaganda and information manipulation and control playing an important role to limit criticism of their regime.elections (or their equivalent) can be direct (President elected by the people), party-based (the strongest party in parliament provides the president/chancellor etc.) or through an  electoral college (a system only the American government pretends to understand).RepublicA repub lic is not a separate form of democracy, but simply designates any type of state in which government is considered a public matter rather than the sole province of a monarch or despot.Constitutional monarchiesConstitutional monarchies are systems of government in which the Head of State is nominally or politically a monarch - someone whose right to  rule is determined through birthright - but the actual governing and lawmaking is done by a parliament or other elected body whose representatives are elected by the people. Many monarchies became constitutional monarchies in the late 19th century or early 20th as a reaction against the emergence of a new sort of nationalism in which citizens wanted some say in government.The exact role and political power of the monarch is regulated by the constitution, ranging from Morocco, where the king retains executive powers (though lessened with the reform of 2011) to monarchies such as Britain and Sweden where the monarch’s power is extremely limited, playing a mostly representative role in global politics.Direct democracy vs. representative democraciesIn political science, a difference is made between direct and representative democracy.In a representative democracy, citizens elect representatives that make policy and decide on laws and other governmental acts. This body of representatives is often divided into two houses elected according to different principles (population vs. area, or equal representation, or party etc.) and can be divided between the legislative an executive branches. They can be called a parliament, congress, senate, or any number of different names, but the important factor is that the people have representation by members of a political party they feel corresponds to their personal ideology. Interestingly, the idea of “left” and “right”-wing parties emerged from the seating of representatives in the parliament of the first French Republic, right after the Revolution - to the left or the r ight of the political leader.In direct democracies, the people vote directly on legislation, possibly electing one or two leaders for the executive branch of government. This is the form of government found in classical Athens, where every citizen attended sessions of parliament where they would debate the questions of the day and voted via secret ballot with stones in urns. Of course, Athens was only one city with a bit of countryside attached, and citizenship only applied to free landowning males (feminism wasn’t invented yet), so the amount of people present at any one session was not overly excessive. Another historical example for direct democracy are pirate ships. On many filibusters, the captain was elected democratically and many decisions, such as where to go next and how to divide the booty, was decided by vote.In Athens, citizens could vote to exile someone by writing their name on shards of pottery and dropping them in an urn. Photo credit: Pilar Torres on VisualhuntTo day, direct democracy is usually only occasionally practised in the form of referendums on important affairs - EU applicants have to have a referendum before joining officially, and we all know what happened with Britain’s last attempt at direct democracy.CommunismCommunism is interesting in that the political theory of communism is impossible without the economic theories behind it.Communism is often confused with socialism:While all communists are socialistsNot all socialists are communistsSocialism posits a welfare state - that is to say, socialists consider it to be the responsibility of the state to look after its citizens. To what extent depends on the individual philosophy - but most socialists agree that basic care - health care, a certain minimal unemployment and a right to basic education and foodstuff - is a governmental responsibility. The important aspect is that it’s a form of  state-run insurance, with all citizens paying into a pot that’s then redistributed.Soc ialism can exist within capitalism - the most common form of economy among democracies. Communism, however, needs a completely different framework.In communism, there is no personal ownership - of anything. Everything is owned communally and distributed to those who need it. It is often propagated as the rule of the working class. As French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau had already understood, it works best on a local level. A whole communally-owned state needs a political structure, which inevitably leads to the creation of a political elite. Oddly enough, while the theoretical structure of communist nations is a democracy, most of them turn into dictatorships, with a single charismatic personality at their heads until he dies.Communism at a local level existed in many so-called primitive societies, in which most goods were communally owned and resources distributed according to need.Studying Political HistoryUniversities rarely offer political history as a separate subject. Ho wever, if you are interested in the intellectual history of politics, there are ways you can still find out more about it by studying on an interdisciplinary level.If you are interested in the political events that formed (and destroyed) nations, become a historian and study ancient history, modern history or archaeology. Undergraduates learn about the different cultures and the social systems, and the libraries are excellent for research on political events.If you are interested in the schools of thought behind political systems and decisions, why not study philosophy? Though often considered a purely intellectual pursuit, philosophy has influenced political thinking for millennia, whether the religious philosophy found in Latin texts of the Medieval and Renaissance periods, the philosophers of the Enlightenment or Machiavelli in early modern times, or modern political thinkers such as Foucault in the twentieth century. Anyone interested in comparative politics and ethical question s in politics would do well to study the philosophical thought behind the political systems. A graduate student in philosophy understands the conflict behind the different methodological views of politics and can analyze their pros and cons - though no-one has yet found the perfect system.If you are more interested in studying how political history impacted modern society and politics - the rise of liberalism, the differentiation between legislative and executive powers, analytical views on the impact of political decisions on the economy and social history or the interaction of world powers in international politics - consider a Political Science major. A number of universities in the UK have political science courses on their curriculum.Read more about studying History in the UK.

Phylum Chordata Characteristics Online Biology Tutors Tutorpace

Phylum Chordata Characteristics Online Biology Tutors Tutorpace Phylum Chordata is the most advanced animal phylum. Chordata are animals which possess a notochord at any stage of their life .They are most adaptable, most successful and most widely distributed animals showing diversity of form, habits and habitats. General characteristics: 1. All chordates are bilaterally symmetrical 2. They are true metamerically segmented animals. 3. They are triploblastic animals having organ system grade of body organizations. 4. Post anal tails are usually present in chordates 5. They are true coelomate animals 6. Notochord is present at some stages or replaced by back bone or ring like vertebrae forming the vertebral column. 7. Gill clefts are present at some stages of life. 8. Alimentary canal is placed always ventral to the nerve cord. 9. Anus is well differentiated and opens before the last segment. 10. Heart is placed ventrally, blood flows towards the posterior direction in dorsal blood vessel. 11. Hemoglobin, a respirator pigment is present in red blood corpuscles 12. Hepatic portal system is present in chordates 13. Respiration is either by gills or by lungs. 14. Nervous system is hollow; brain is located dorsal to the pharynx in the head. 15. Nerve cord is single, dorsal, and hollow without ganglia. 16. Dorsal and ventral nerve roots are separate. 17. Mostly sexual reproduction occurs in chordates 18. They are cold blooded as well as warm blooded animals. Phylum Chordata is divided into three subphyla, subphylum Urochordata or Tunicata, subphylum Cephalochordata or Acrania and subphylum vertebrata. The first two subphyla are considered primitive and often referred to as protochordates or non-vertebrate chordates. All of them are marine and possess notochord but never form vertebral column.

What is a Quotient

What is a Quotient Division is one of the 4 basic and most important operations in math. In the process of division of two numbers, one number gets divided by the other number. The answer or the result we get in the division process is known as the Quotient. So quotient is the number which is produced when a certain number is divided by another number. If the given number is being divided by its factor, then in that division the remainder produced will be 0 and the answer is the quotient. Example 1: What is the quotient when the number 48 is divided by 4? Here 48 is being divided by 4, and this can also be written in the fraction form as: 48/4. Here the number placed on the top (or in the numerator) is 48, and the number placed in the bottom (or in the denominator) is 4. Using the long division process, 48 is divided by 4 and the answer is 12. Hence the quotient when 48 is divided by 4 is 12 - 48/4 = 12. Example 2: What is the quotient when the number 63 is divided by 7? Here 63 is being divided by 7, and this can also be written in the fraction form as: 63/7. Here the number placed on the top (or in the numerator) is 63, and the number placed in the bottom (or in the denominator) is 7. Using the long division process, 63 is divided by 7 and the answer is 9. Hence the quotient when 63 is divided by 7 is 9 - 63/7 = 9.

What Influences Motivation - Private Tutoring

What Influences Motivation BobbiM Mar 31, 2014 Is it hard for you to be motivated? Learn what influences motivation and find reasons as to why you arent motivated. 1. The amount of choice you have about what you are learning. Sometimes your professors will offer you several projects to choose from, or sometimes they will even ask you to choose what topics will be Cortes. Choices like these will help to increase your motivation. However, even if you are not given choices about the class content, college offers you many choices about what you will learn. You choose your major, and to a certain extent you choose the courses you will take, and your course schedule. 2. Your desire to learn. Its likely that because you are currently enrolled in college you do want to learn, but sometimes you might be required to take courses that you are not particularly interested in. 3. How much you value the subject to be learned. The more you believe the subject to be worthwhile, the easier it will be to become motivated. For example, many colleges require students to take at least one foreign language course. If you believe that it is valuable to learn another language you will feel motivated-perhaps even enough to take a second course. However, if you do not, you may have a harder time motivating yourself to learn in your language course. Excerpt from  College Success Strategies  by Sherrie L. Nist and Jodi Patrick Holschuh.

10 tips for a high score on the October ACT

10 tips for a high score on the October ACT If youre taking the ACT on October 26, here are a few quick pointers to maximize your score on test day:1)   Get everything ready the night before, and eat a good breakfast on test day.   Dont scramble the morning of the test to find everything you need.   By Friday night, you should have printed out your admission ticket and gotten together your photo ID, calculator, number 2 pencils, water and snacks, and anything else you want to bring with you.   And eat a good breakfast you need energy to make it through 4 hours of test-taking!2)   Remember your calculator.   Youre allowed to use a calculator on the ACT math section.   Most scientific and graphing calculators are acceptable.   Your math work will be much quicker and more accurate with a calculator and make sure you check your batteries!3)   Be at the test center by 8:00 am.   You normally need to be at your testing site by 8:00 am.   Know how to get there and plan to leave on time.   Youll minimize your stress if youre not run ning late.4)   On the English section: look for short answers.   Economy (saying what you need to say with a minimum of words) is prized on the ACT English section.   Start with the shortest answer and see if that works.   Its rare that a wordy answer will be correct in ACT English.5)   On the math section: work carefully, use your calculator, and get as many points as possible from the early questions.   Accuracy is the name of the game in ACT math.   Read carefully, write out your work, and use your calculator for the best results.   ACT math questions start off easy and become very difficult by the end, so try to maximize your points on the early questions!6)   On the reading section: work quickly and focus on the details.   The big challenge of ACT reading is speed.   You only have 35 minutes to read 4 passages and answer 40 questions.   If you do the math, thats less than one minute per question, including your reading time.   So you must work quickly to do well on ACT reading!   Take just a couple minutes to read the passage and then move on to the questions.   Focus on key words in each question to help you find the answer in the passage.7)   On the science section: dont use outside knowledge and look for patterns.   Contrary to popular belief, you dont need to know much about science to do well on the ACT science section.   All the information you need is in the passages.   As youre studying tables and graphs in an ACT science passage, observe any patterns and take note of the relationship of one variable to another.   For instance, as altitude increases, how does the temperature change?8)   On the essay: brainstorm, write as much as possible, and use counterarguments.   Take a few minutes to plan your essay so its well-organized and coherent.   Use as much of the supplied 4 pages as possible.   And finally, address counterarguments to strengthen your own argument.9)   Answer all questions, even if you run out of time.   Unlike the SAT, theres no guess ing penalty on the ACT.   Save a minute at the end of each section to bubble in answers for any questions you didnt have time to do.10)   Bubble in your answers cleanly and carefully.   Except for the essay section, your answers on the ACT are machine-graded.   If you change an answer, erase completely.   And make sure youre bubbling in the correct section and not skipping any questions!Good luck this weekend!Want more ACT test-taking tips and techniques?   Email AJ Tutoring at info@ajtutoring.com for more information.

ACT Test Tutoring In NYC

ACT Test Tutoring In NYC Does ACT prep sound like a bore? It did to me too, but, now that I am in college, I am doing ACT tutoring because I understand just how important ACT prep classes, an ACT prep course, or an ACT tutor are to getting into the school of your dreams. Many ACT tutors will say that studying for the ACT is about knowing how to take the test more than it is about knowing the material, and I couldn’t agree more. My ACT prep tutoring focuses on helping students to find the answers that are there hidden within the test and how to use process of elimination to make an educated guess or to know when a question should be skipped or saved for later. As an ACT prep tutor, I recognize that every student learns differently, and so, when teaching students how to take the ACT, I focus on finding the test taking methods that work best for each student. ACT scores can be scary, but it, usually, isn’t a bad idea to take the test again. There are many ACT test dates and opportunities for ACT registration. However, this can be a pain and some colleges require that all ACT scores be revealed rather than allowing what is called super-scoring where only the best scores from each section are sent, so, in order to account for this, I highly recommend that all students who are able take a practice ACT to get used to the test before the real thing. My own ACT prep with students will also include numerous practice tests to familiarize students with the ACT test format. There has always been a big push to study ACT vocabulary, but flashcards full of ACT words was not an approach that I used when I studied for the ACTs, and my ACT practice does not and never will include that sort of useless, rote memorization. Instead, I prefer to use ACT practice questions that include ACT vocabulary so that students can learn ACT words in context rather than from a card. I, also, want to make students understand just what it means to have a “good” or a “bad” ACT score. ACT prep courses can, often, be stress inducing rather than stress reducing especially when ACT vocab is such an essential part of the curriculum. Even an ACT online course can negatively affect a student’s confidence. In an attempt to ease students, I will, when going over a practice ACT test, not only explain to them the ways in which they can improve their score but also give them some perspective on what their ACT score means in a broader sense. The idea behind this approach is that ACT testing can mislead students into thinking that they are not smart or not good enough when really the problem has nothing to do with intelligence and everything to do with getting used to a very specific type of standardized testing. To help students be better acquainted with the ACT test format, I will introduce different ACT tips as we go along and I become more knowledgeable about a specific student’s strengths and learning style. Having spent some horrible hours with ACT prep books back when I was in high school, I have come to learn that the best ACT prep book is a person (be that a tutor, a teacher, a parent, or a friend) who has taken and who understands the ACT on a personal level. ACT questions are designed to be tricky. ACT tutoring is intended to reveal the secret behind the trick. ACT test prep ensures that a student sees the same trick enough times to be able to identify it and immediately remember its secret. While ACT prep books can help with revealing secrets, because they are written down, they aren’t very good at adapting their explanations to different audiences. A practice ACT, the real ACT, they will be the same for everyone, but that doesn’t mean that everyone will understand them in the same way. My job as an ACT tutor is to make sure that you get the tricks and you see the secrets in the way that makes the most sense to you.

5 Tips to Improve Your Grades Now

5 Tips to Improve Your Grades Now Tips from a Private Costa Mesa Tutor: 5 Tips to Improve Your Grades Now Students are about halfway through the academic year and have a good idea of what their grades are going to look like by the end of June. Some students will be right on track while others may be looking at their current transcripts and wondering how they can raise their grades. In general, most students can raise their grades through personalized study tips as well as by making their study time more efficient. Time management also plays a big role in academic success, but sometimes students need some specialized help on one topic or another. Although each student has an individual learning style, there are a few things that are universal when it comes to raising that GPA dont fall behind in your classes! Book your private Costa Mesa tutor today. 1.   Time management Time management is the one thing that students dont quite have a grasp on even at this point in the year. Once students figure out how to manage a certain workload, it seems like they get something else thrown at them. Either they need to add an extracurricular activity to their schedule or tests and exams get harder. Time management strategies are constantly shifting throughout the school year, but these skills can make or break it when it comes to maintaining a high GPA. The first thing students can do is time how long it takes them to complete a particular type of assignment. What a student thinks takes 20 minutes might take 45 and they might determine that, when they work late at night, things take even longer. 2.   Fewer distractions Students often enjoy studying at a coffee shop or with a group of friends but, if grades are slipping, students might need to work on studying independently without any noise or distraction. Sometimes a study group can veer away from academics and become more of a social club that can take away from a student’s success. Students who are struggling with grades should try studying solo and see if they get their work done faster or if they get a higher grade on a particular assignment or exam. Studying in a quiet environment is often the key to overall academic success. 3.   Personalized learning By this point in the year, students should be determining what their specific learning needs are. For example, are they great at numbers but struggle with reading comprehension or is the opposite true? Some students need to listen to music while they study while others need complete silence. Some students need to work with a tutor to overcome difficult concepts while others problem solve when working in a group. When students begin to personalize their learning strategy, they’ll discover that they get more done in less time and are less frustrated with assignments. This ultimately leads to higher grades. 4.   Extra time for challenging subjects Many students leave the same amount of time for an easy assignment as they do for a complicated one. Its important for students to leave enough time to complete those extra difficult assignments as well as plan to do an outline or some additional research to help them understand the concepts before writing a paper or studying for an exam. The more complex a subject is, the more time students need to earn an A or B on an assignment. 5.   Help from an expert Sometimes students get frustrated with assignments and end up with lower grades because the work is just a little too much to tackle on their own. If this is the case, it’s time to call in an expert. Students can either work with their classroom teacher during their free period or have a tutor come to their home to work with them one-on-one. Before asking for help students should determine what it is they specifically need help with. For instance, maybe it’s a particular topic thats giving them trouble such as math or science or perhaps they need help with personal organization and study skills. All blog entries, with the exception of guest bloggers, are written by Tutor Nerds. Are you an education professional? If so, email us at pr@tutornerds.com for guest blogging and collaborations. We want to make this the best free education resource in SoCal, so feel free to suggest what you would like to see us write.